|
Bacterium:
Schizomycetes:
Eubacteriales
NOMENCLATURE:
Approved
name:
Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp.
israelensis.
SOURCE:
Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp.
israelensis occurs
naturally in soil (Serotype H-14, strain SA-3 is widely used for development
as an insecticide).
PRODUCTION:
Produced
by fermentation, as for other
Btk.
TARGET
PESTS:
Only
Diptera: e.g. mosquito and blackfly (simuliid) larvae and fungus gnats (Gnatrol).
BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY:
Mode
of action:
Insecticide
with stomach action as for
Btk.
Biology:
As
for Btk
except that the crystal inclusions derived from Bti are the most insoluble
of any Bt
crystals,
requiring a very high pH (>11) for full solubilisation. Bti
produces five different insecticidal proteins and all have dipteran activity
although one toxin, the 27kDa cytolytic toxin, appears to synergise the
others. The effects of Bti
on larvae are as for Btk.
Sometimes its effects are more rapid: heavily infested mosquito pools may be
dramatically covered by floating, dying larvae within twenty minutes of
application of Bti
granules.
Cannibalising habit of larvae help spread of the infection The spores cause
no significant increase in mortality and so spore-free products are marketed
to minimise the weight and to suit during aerial application, in contrast to
Btk
in
which the action of spores is significant in some host species.
COMMERCIALISATION:
Formulation:
Sold
as aqueous suspensions, briquettes (BR), flowable concentrates, granules (GR),
wettable powders (WP) and slow release rings.
Tradenames:
.Aqua
Bac XT.
APPLICATION:
Applied
hand-held application equipment to water bodies to be treated. Rates of
application increase with the age of larvae to be treated and the organic
content of the water. Rates between 2 and 4 kg of product per hectare are
usual. Spray on the soil surrounding germinating seedlings to control fungus
gnats.
PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONS:
Purity:
B.thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis formulations contain delta-endotoxins with or without spores.
Storage
conditions:
Store
under cool and dry conditions. Stable for up to two years if stored under
recommended conditions.
COMPATIBILITY:
Apply
Bti
alone
and avoide pesticide mixing. Incompatible with strong oxidising agents,
acids and bases.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY:
LC50
for water feeder guppies (Toecilia
reticulata)
>156 mg/litre (as Teknar). LC50 (96 hours)
Daphnia
pulex
>25 mg/litre (technical).
INDIAN LITERATURE:
Adams,
L.F., Liu, C.L., Macintosh, S.C. and Starnes, R. L. 1996. Diversity and
biological activity of
Bacillus
thuringiensis.
In Crop Protection Agents from nature: Natural Products and Analogues, L G
Copping (ed.), 360-88, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
Amalraj,
D.D., Sahu, S.S., Jambulingam, P., Doss, P.S.B., Kalyanasundaram, M. and
Das, P.K. 2000. Efficacy of aqueous suspension and granular formulations of
Bacillus
thuringiensis
(Vectobac)
against mosquito vectors. Acta Tropica. 75: (2), 243-246.
Barjac,
H.de. and Sutherland, D. J. (eds.). 1990. Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes
and Blackflies: Biochemistry, Genetics Applications of Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis
and
Bacillus
sphaericus,
Unwin Hyman, London.
Batra,
C.P., Mittal, P.K. and Adak, T. 2000. Control of Aedes aegypti breeding in
desert coolers and tires by use of
Bacillus
thuringiensis var.
israelensis
formulation.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 16: (4), 321-323.
Becker,
N. 1998. Biorational control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes with special
emphasis on community participation. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne. 44: (4),
759.
Biswas,
D., Ghosh, S.K., Dutta, R.N. and Mukhopadhyay, A.K. 1997. Field trial of
Bacticide on larval populations of two species of vector mosquitoes in
Calcutta. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (1), 37-41.
Chitra,
S., Narayanan, R.B., Balakrishnan, A., Jayaraman, Kunthala. and Jayaraman,
K. 1998: A rapid and specific method for the
identification
of
Bacillus
thuringiensis
strains
by indirect immunofluorescence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71: (3),
286-287.
Dua,
V.K., Sharma, S.K., Srivastava, A., Sharma, V.P. and Srivastava, Aruna.
1997. Bioenvironmental control of industrial malaria at Bharat Heavy
Electricals Ltd., Hardwar, India results of a nine year study (1987-95).
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 13: (3), 278-285.
Entwistle,
P.F., Cory, J. S., Bailey, M. J. and Higgs, S (eds.). 1993.
Bacillus
thuringiensis,
an
Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 311
pages.
Fast,
P. 1981. The crystal toxin of
Bacillus
thuringiensis,
in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980, H D Burges
(ed.), Academic Press, London.
Kar,
I., Eapen, A., Ravindran, K.J., Chandrahas, R.K., Appavoo, N.C., Sadanand,
A.V., Dhanraj, B. and Kar, Indranil. 1997. Field evaluation of
Bacillus
sphaericus,
H5a5b and
B.
thuringiensis var.
israelensis,
H-14
against the bancroftian filariasis vector
Culex
quinquefasciatus,
Say
in Chennai, India. Indian Journal of Malariology. 34: (1), 25-36.
King,
A.M.L., Gunasekaran, K., Shriram, A.N., Elangovan, A., Narayanan, R.J.,
Balaraman, K. and Sudarsanam, D. 1997. Efficacy of a
microgel
formulation of
Bacillus
thuringiensis var.
israelensis
in
controlling
Culex
quinquefasciatus.
Indian
Journal of Experimental
Biology.
35: (1), 62-66.
Kumar,
A., Sharma, V.P., Sumodan, P.K. and Thavaselvam, D. 1998. Field trials of
biolarvicide
Bacillus
thuringiensis var.
israelensis
strain
164 and the larvivorous fish
Aplocheilus
blocki
against
Anopheles
stephensi
for
malaria control in Goa, India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control
Association. 14: (4), 457-462.
Kumar,
A., Sharma, V.P., Sumodan, P.K. and Thavaselvam, D. 1999.
Anopheles
stephensi
build-up and accelerated malaria transmission in the post bio-control
intervention phase in Candolim PHC of Goa, India Goa. Journal of Parasitic
Diseases. 23: (1), 41-44.
Manonmani,
A.M. and Hoti, S.L. 1995. Field efficacy of indigenous strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis
H-14
and
Bacillus
sphaericus
H-5a5b
against
Anopheles
subpictus larvae.
Tropical
Biomedicine. 12: (2), 141-146.
Pandian,
R.S. and Manoharan, A.C. 2000. Evaluation of VectoBac(C) 12 AS against the
urban mosquito
Culex
quinquefasciatus
Say.
Insect Environment. 6: (3), 111.
Prakash,
Anil., Bhattacharyya, D.R., Mohapatra, P.K., Mahanta, J., Prakash, A. and
Goel, S.C. 1998. Studies on laboratory and field efficacy evaluation of a
biocide formulation in district Dibrugarh (Assam). Advances in medical
entomology & human welfare. No. 1 Supplement, 21-27.
Shukla,
R.P., Kohli, V.K. and Ojha, V.P. 1997. Larvicidal efficacy of
Bacillus
sphaericus
H-5a,5b
and
B.
thuringiensis var.
israelensis
H-14
against malaria vectors in Bhabar area, District Naini Tal, U.P. Indian
Journal of Malariology. 34: (4), 208-212
Srivastava,
R., Tilak, V.W., Mukherjee, S. and Yadav, J.D. 1996. Field trial of
Bacillus
thuringiensis var
israelensis
pellet
formulation in the control of mosquitoes. Medical Journal Armed Forces
India. 52: (4), 233-235.
Surges,
H.D. and Jones, K.A. 1989. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to
control insects, in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides: Beneficial
Microorganisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments, H D Burges (ed.), 33-127,
Kluwer Academic Press, Dordecht, the Netherlands.
|