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1 |
What does "IPM"
stand for?
"IPM" stands for Integrated Pest Management.
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2 |
What is the definition of IPM?
In general, IPM
seeks to use two or more alternative methods to control pests with a
goal of obtaining effective control with a minimum dependence on
pesticides. IPM is information intensive and depends on:
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regular scouting of the crop,
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records kept of pests observed,
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comparing pest numbers to established
threshold to determine if a treatment is justified or needed,
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evaluating results and
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using records (history) to plan future
actions.
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3 |
Why use IPM?
Several Reasons:
Target pests tend to
build resistance to pesticides that are repetitively applied, thus
rendering the products ineffective very rapidly. This is expensive
for the grower and the manufacturing company and makes the pest
harder to control over time. IPM systems extend the useful life of
pesticides when used in conjunction with other non-chemical
strategies.
Most pesticides are
poisons that are introduced into our environment. This poses
potential health risks to the applicator, other non-target organisms,
surface water and ground water supplies. By reducing dependence on
pesticides, we reduce the risk to ourselves and the environment.
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4 |
What are the alternative controls available?
The controls available are:
Genetic - identifying and using pest
resistant seeds and plants.
Cultural -
using a combination of management practices to control pests. In the
case of crops; rotating crops, varying rows width, distance between
plants, time of planting, time of harvest, cultivation, use of
mulches, etc. are examples of cultural controls. In the case of
structural pest control, a good sanitation and maintenance program
can go a long way toward maintaining a pest free environment.
Chemical (Pesticides) - advocates the
judicious use of pesticides when the combination of alternatives
listed above does not obtain acceptable controls. In some uses the
pesticide chosen is used in combination with other controls while in
others, pesticides may be the only alternative available. The term
"pesticides" covers a wide variety or products with a wide range of
toxicity, from inorganic compounds to the more benign products of
Safer’s soap, horticultural oils, Bt’s and insect growth regulators.
IPM promotes the use of the least toxic, shortest duration pesticide
available, targeted to the specific pest to be controlled.
Biological Control - It is the
intentional manipulation of natural enemies by human for the purpose
of controlling pests. .Biological control of pests is attractive
because plants are important to wildlife and human health. There are
three approaches to biological control namely Conservation,
Augmentation and Importation. It is inexpensive. It poses little
threat to non target organisms and also requires little manpower..
They are self perpetuating and can spread on their own.
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5 |
Isn’t IPM just another name for "organic pest
control"?
No. Organic has strict restrictions as to which, if any,
synthetically compounded chemical pesticides can be used to control
pests. IPM systems allow for the use of chemicals but they must be
properly timed and targeted to the pest species and life cycle.
Chemical use in an IPM program is integrated with non-chemical
strategies for controlling pests and an attempt is made to use the
least-toxic alternative available.
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6 |
What is EIL ?
Economic injury level as the lowest
population density that will cause economic damage. It is a measure
against which we evaluate the destructive status and potential of a
pest problem.
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7 |
What is ETL ?
Economic threshold
level (ETL) is the population density of insect pests at which
control action should be determined (initiated ) to prevent an
increasing pest population (injury) from reaching EIL. Although
measured in insect density, the ET is actually a time too take
action.
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8 |
Can we include transgenic plant in Integrated
Pest Management ?
Yes, they can be a
component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The selected genes
that are transferred to the plants are toxic only to plant pests.
Other natural enemies such as spiders, predators, parasites and
parasitoids are not affected. A combination of cultural, chemicals
and biological control can also be used to protect plants from pests
if necessary.
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9 |
Who can use IPM?
Anyone who deals with pest problems can use IPM. Farmers, buildings
and grounds maintenance personnel, professional pest control
operators, and home dwellers can learn how to apply least-risk
solutions to prevent pest trouble or respond to problems when they
arise.
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10 |
What are pesticide hazards?
Pesticide hazards
include acute, immediate toxicity to humans and other non-target
organisms; chronic or long-term toxicity such as cancer; and
potential to contaminate air, or ground and surface water.
Information on many of these potential hazards for specific
pesticides can be found on pesticide labels. The adult human body is
similarly contaminated with pesticides, pesticide-related compounds
and other synthetic chemicals.
Pests can also
become resistant to pesticides, increasing control costs, crop losses
or other pest damage. Many natural enemies of pests are killed by
pesticides, freeing pests from these natural control. These unknown
or poorly understood potential hazards argue for additional levels of
protection including exposures to multiple pesticides, at home, at
school and in the diet; exposure to chemicals in combination with
pesticides such as pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds and personal
care products; and the general difficulty in attributing chronic
illnesses to any one particular cause.
Pesticides are
powerful tools for responding to persistent pest problems. It’s not
smart, effective or affordable to use these tools when they are not
necessary. Using IPM to prevent pest problems and minimize reliance
on pesticides is the best solution for a healthy environment for
everyone.
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11 |
Are all pesticides bad?
Most pesticide
problems are caused by a small number of the pesticides available
today. Many low hazard pesticides are available, and more are being
developed each year from both naturally occurring and synthetic
materials. However, pesticide use without regard to need or potential
hazard is always a poor choice, and rarely solves pest problems.
Improvements in pest
management are needed, and pesticides will likely always be a part of
the solution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
malaria continues to kill more than 1 million annually. Asthma
incidence and asthma-associated morbidity is increasing due to
exposure as well as exposure to pesticides.
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How does IPM
reduce hazards?
IPM reduces hazards by reducing overall pesticide use,
using least hazardous pesticides when there is a demonstrated need,
and taking special protective measures to reduce pesticide exposure
living organisms and the environment.
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13 |
How does IPM differ from Organic?
IPM allows the use
of pesticides, fertilizers and other materials made from synthetic
materials when necessary. Organic programs largely restrict allowable
pesticides to those made from natural materials. Pesticides used in
organic programs can also have harmful effects on humans, animals and
the environment, and must be used carefully and only when needed. IPM
strategies can also help organic programs reduce hazards.
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14 |
What is "IPM Certification"?
Certification implies that a professional, product or service meets a
well-defined standard. Certification can be a powerful tool to
demonstrate to customers, neighbors and peers in your profession that
your pest management practices meet the highest standards for reduced
hazard and effectiveness.
Many
programs include IPM as a standard that must be met prior to
certification. Not all programs require IPM performance to the same
degree - some programs have minimal IPM requirements and other truly
seek to identify top IPM performers.
The NCIPM
is now working with public agencies, non-governmental organizations
and industry to develop and implement meaningful programs
incorporating IPM standards.
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How can my products or services become IPM
Certified?
Pest control operators, farmers, buildings and grounds
managers, wildlife management specialists, crop consultants and
others can have their products or services certified under a variety
of programs that use IPM as a requirement
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16 |
How trap crops in IPM facilitate in
reducing damage/ pest population?
Traps crops are
generally more susceptible to pests and diseases and are planted in
advance. These attract more population of pests and killed by
spraying insecticide to prevent their migration to main crops
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1 |
What is the rank of India in global scenario
with regard to area and production of cotton?
India ranks first with regard to area and 2nd
with regard to total cotton production.
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2 |
What are the key pest (Insects and diseases)
of cotton?
American bollworm,
spotted bollworm, pink bollworm, whitefly are the key insect pests
and cotton leaf curl virus, Fusarium wilt , root rot, grey mildew,
sooty mould, boll rot and bacterial blight are the major diseases.
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3 |
What is IPM and how it differs from farmers’
practices?
IPM is the
integration of pest management tactics in compatible manner to keep
the best below economic injury level without adversely affecting our
environment. Farmers’ practices involve totally dependence on
chemical insecticides available in the market where ever IPM involve
need based application of Chemical insecticides.
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4 |
What are Tricho cards?
Tricho cards are the
cards prepared in the laboratory having Corcyra eggs parasitized by
egg parasitoid, Trichogramma. These cards are effective against eggs
of bollworms.
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5 |
What is the proper time for application of
Tricho-cards in the field?
The cards can be
applied when we find eggs of bollworms in the field. We can also
apply cards when moths of bollworms (more than two) are trapped in
pheromone traps for continuously two to three days.
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6 |
Can we apply insecticide along with Trich-
cards?
No. There is should be a minimum gap of seven
days before and after application of Trich-cards.
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7 |
What is Bt cotton?
Bt cotton is
transgenic plant in which Cry 1 Ac gene has been introduced which
provides protection against American bollworm, spotted bollworm and
pink bollworm.
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8 |
Is there any need of chemical pesticides in
Bt cotton?
Yes, there is need of chemical pesticides
especially against sucking pests, tobacco caterpillar and diseases.
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9 |
Do we need releases of Tricho- cards in Bt
cotton?
We do not require releases of Tricho cards up to
3 months as effect of toxins remain effective up to 90 days after
that toxin get reduced so we may require releases in the later part
against pink bollworm
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10 |
How much area is under Bt cotton and what is
the future of Bt cotton in India?
At present about 40%
area is under Bt cotton and it is expected that within 2-3 years most
of the area will be under Bt cotton except in North especially in
Rajasthan.
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Why Bt is not popular in Rajasthan?
In Rajasthan Bt
hybrids do not perform well due to sandy and low fertile soil and
less availability of water.
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12 |
What are the emerging pest problems in Bt
cotton?
The emerging insect pests in Bt cotton are
thrips, Spodoptera, mealybugs in all three zones, mired bug in
central and south zone and shoot weevil in Tamil Nadu. Among the
diseases grey mildew, rust, leaf spots
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1 |
What are key pests (Insects, diseases, weeds
etc.) of rice?
Leaf-folder, stem borer, Plant hoppers (WBPH,
BPH ), gundhi bug, bacterial blight, sheath blight, rice blast,
umbrella weed, nut grass, barn yard grass.
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2 |
Is there any new emerging pest problems in
rice?
Yes, in recently released basmati variety Pusa
sugandh 4 (1121), ‘Bakane’ disease (extra elongated rice plants) is
emerging as main pest problem in some of the rice cultivated areas.
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3 |
What are the overall losses due to pests?
According to an estimate the losses due to pests
are about 18%
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4 |
How the farmers are managing these pests?
There is a trend of indiscriminate use of
pesticides by the farmers inmost of the rice growing areas
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5 |
What are the possibilities of managing these
pests other than pesticides?
Field trials carried out by NCIPM revealed that
IPM can be an effective strategy to manage them.
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6 |
What are the main components of IPM strategy
in rice?
Holistic approach of managing the crop
through nursery raising to harvest following raising of Sesbania or
other common legume crops as green manure, use of disease free
healthy seeds, seed treatment, transplanting of 2-3 seedlings, proper
plant density per square meter, judicious use of fertilizers, water
management, pheromone traps for monitoring stem borer and
conservation and augmentation of natural enemies and need based
judicious use of pesticides as last resort.
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7 |
What is importance of ETL in rice?
The knowledge of ETL of pest helps in regulating
the management option for particular pest eg. For leaf folder the ETL
can be as high as up to 20% infested leaves; for stem borer it is 5%
dead hearts /white heads; while for plant hoppers it is 10-20
nymphs/adults per hill.
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8 |
What is need of stating the
judicious use of fertilizers in raising rice crop?
It has been found that the
excess use of nitrogen triggers the pest problems such as leaf
folder, stem borer, bacterial blight, blast and sheath blight etc.
and the use of potash fertilizer impart resistance to many common
pests. Hence, the macro and micro nutrient requirement be met as per
the soil analysis of the fields.
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What is the role of pheromone traps in rice?
The use of pheromone traps helps in monitoring
the yellow stem borer (YSB) and regulating the interventions for its
management. In some areas these are also successfully used for mass
trapping of YSB.
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What are the common predators and parasites
in rice eco-system?
Spiders, dragonfly, damsel fly, mirid bug,
carrabid beetle are the most common predators while Teleonomus
spp., Tetrastichus spp. and Xanthopimpla spp. are the
common parasitoids.
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What is role of bio-pesticides / microbials
in rice pest management?
These are the safer and effective alternates for
managing pests. Microbial like Trichoderma, Pseudomonas has been
found effective in managing the rice diseases.
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12 |
What is Tricho card and what is the purpose
of using it in Rice?
Tricho cards are used for management of stem
borer and leaf folder in rice crop. Parasitoid Trichogramma spp.
parasitize the eggs of both these pests, thus larvae fail to emerge
from the eggs.
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13 |
Some times spot application of pesticides is
advised, what does it mean?
Using pesticides only on and around the affected
part of the field is called as ‘spot application’. Applying pesticide
in the entire field is not advisable in such cases as it is wastage
of resources.
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14 |
Does IPM application in rice increases the
input cost?
Experience has shown that IPM technology is less
expensive in Basmati rice, as the number of pesticide application is
reduced to bare minimum. Other input costs like fertilizer, water are
also reduced in most of the cases.
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1 |
What are major pests of mustard ?
Aphids, white rust and Alternaria blight.
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What is economic threshold levels for aphids
in mustard ?
30% Plant infested or 50-60 aphids/10cm short.
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3 |
What are IPM technologies in mustard ?
Early planting, seed treatment with Trichoderma
viride @ 4 g/kg seed for control of white rust remove the aphid
infested twigs at the initial level of pest attach at community
level, need base spray of pesticides.
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What are the major pests of groundnut ?
Thrips, leaf-spots and tobacco caterpillar.
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What is the ETL for thrips in groundnuts ?
5 adults / terminal bud
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What are the IPM activities in groundnut ?
Deep summer ploughing, seed treatment with
Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed, pheromone traps for Helicoverpa
armigera and spodoptera litura @ 10/ha.
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What are the major pests of castor ?
Castor semi looper, fusarium wilt & grey
rat.
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What is ETL for castor semi looper ?
One semi looper/plant at seedling stage, 4-5
semilooper larvae/plant (30-40 day old plant) and when defoliation
exceeds 20%.
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What are the IPM technologies in castor ?
Select wilt resistant variety, seed treatment
with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg seed, spray NSKE (5%) when castor semi
looper population is 4-5 larvae/plant installation of pheromone traps
@ 5/ha for monitoring S.litura population, hand picking and
destruction of grown up larvae of semi looper spray carbendazim
(0.05%) against botrytis if there cyclonic rain.
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What are the major pests of safflower ?
Safflower aphid, Alternaria leaf blight &
fusarium wilt.
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What is ETL for aphids in safflower ?
27 aphids / 5cm apical shoot or twig
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What are IPM activities in Safflower ?
Select soil without history of wilt incidence
treat the seed with carbondazim 50WP @ 2 g/kg seed sow the crop from
mid September to Ist week of October. Need based spray of fungicides
if Altrnaria disease incidence notice
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1 |
What are key pests of chickpea?
Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), termites,
wilt, dry rot, Ascochyta blight and Botrytis gray mould.
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What is main constraint in cultivation of
chickpea?
The damage due to Pod borer (Helicoverpa
armigera) as this may result in extensive or total loss during
its outbreak.
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3 |
How the farmers are managing these pests?
There is a trend of indiscriminate use of
pesticides by the farmers.
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4 |
What are the possibilities of managing these
pests other than pesticides?
Field trials carried out by NCIPM revealed that
IPM can be an effective strategy to manage them.
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5 |
What are the main components of IPM strategy
in chickpea?
Holistic approach of managing the crop through
use of disease free healthy seeds, seed treatment with Trichoderma
formulation + vitavax / carbendazim; Rhizobium culture and
choloropyriophos (in termite prone areas), proper plant density per
square meter, pheromone traps for monitoring pod borer, use neem seed
kernel extract, HaNPV and need based judicious use of pesticides as
last resort.
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6 |
What is role of bio-pesticides / microbials
in chickpea pest management?
These are the safer and effective alternates for
managing pests. Microbial like Trichoderma and bio-pesticide like
HaNPV have been found effective in managing the pests.
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1 |
What are the major pests of vegetables?
Cauliflower/Cabbage : Tobacco
caterpillar, Diamond back moth, Cabbage web worm, Alternaria leaf
spot.
Brinjal and Okra
: Shoot borer/fruit borer, and jassid/ mite.
Tomato: Fruit borer, whitefly and leaf miner
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What are the ETL for important damaging pests
in various vegetables?
Cabbage
Cabbage worm--- 2 larves/plant
Diamond back moth--- 4larves/plant in
nursery
10larves/plant in main field
Defoliator
8-10% leaf area
Tomato
Fruit borer
1 larve/plant
Whitefly:
4 adults/leaf
Leaf miner 6
adults/rows.
Okra
Leaf hopper : 4.66/plant
Shoot and fruit borer:
5.33% damaged
per fruit
Brinjal
Shoot& fruit borer:
1.5% damaged fruit
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How many days after the spray vegetables
should be picked/harvested?
3-5 days after the spray.
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How pheromone traps can be helpful
in managing the pests of vegetables.
Pheromone trap give the indication for arrival
of pests in vegetables can be used for mass trapping.
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5 |
Can hand picking of eggs or leaf infested
with caterpillar facilitate the control of pests.
Yes. Hand picking of eggs or leaves infested
with tobacco caterpillar helps in managing the pests.
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