|
Mitosporitic
Fungus:
Previously
classified as: Deuteromycetes: Moniliales
NOMENCLATURE:
Approved
name:
Trichoderma
harzianum
Tul.
Other
names:
Previously
known as Trichoderma
lignorum
(Tode)
Harz.
SOURCE:
Trichoderma
harzianum
occurs
widely in nature in soil substrate and this is being commercialization
because of its ability to compete with phytopathogenic fungi and produce
toxins.
PRODUCTION:
Trichoderma
harzianum
is
produced commercially by
fermentation as well as on solid substrate.
TARGET
PESTS:
Recommended
for the control of soil-inhabiting Fusarium,
Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, Sclerotinia
and
Botrytis
species.
TARGET
CROPS:
Recommended
for use on crops, vegetables and vines.
BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY:
Mode
of action:
Competes
in the soil for nutrients and rhizosphere dominance with phyto-pathogenic
fungi. In presence of sufficient organic carbon it produces enzymes having
lytic effect on target fungi and in contrast in adverse conditions it
produces toxins which are equally harmful.
Biology:
Trichoderma
harzianum
is
a widely distributed member of the soil microflora and exerts its effect by
competing for nutrients and producing toxins against phytopathogenic
species.
COMMERCIALISATION:
Formulation:
Formulated
as an MG. CFU (2 * 107 /gm)
APPLICATION:
Apply
to soil or compost FYM heap using conventional application equipment. Ensure
that the soil is moist and that the temperature is at least 12 °C.
PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONS:
Purity:
The
product contains only spores of Trichoderma
harzianum.
Viability
of the formulation is determined by plating the product out on agar and
counting the number of colonies formed after incubation in the laboratory
for 48 hours.
Storage
conditions:
Store
under dry, stable conditions as unopened packs.
Shelf-life:
Vacuum
packs maintain product viability for one year if stored at 20 °C and if
unopened.
COMPATIBILITY:
Not
to be used with most of fungicidal treatment except with Vitavax.
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY:
Acute
oral LD50 mallard ducks and bobwhite quail >2,000 mg/kg. LC50
(96 hours) zebra fish 1.23 x 105 colony forming units (cfu)/ml.
LC50 (10 days)
aphnia
pulex
1.6
x 104 cfu/ml. Trichoderma
harzianum
was
not toxic to honeybees at 1,000 pp
INDIAN
LITERATURE
Baby, U.I.
1998.Biocontrol potential of fungicide resistant mutants of Trichoderma
spp.
Indian Journal of Microbiology. 38: (3), 165-166.
Biswas, K.K. 1999.
Screening of isolates of Trichoderma
harzianum
Rifai for their relative biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium
oxysporum
f.sp. udum
and Rhizoctonia
solani Kuhn.
Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. 7: (2), 125-130.
Bora, L.C., Minku,
Das., Das, B.C. and Das, M. 2000. Influence of microbial antagonists and
soil amendments on bacterial wilt severity and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum).
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 70: (6), 390-392.
Chakrabarti, D.K.,
Kumar, R. and Prasad, J. 1998. Stem rot of Psoralea
corylifolia
and its biological control. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 68:
(6), 333-335.
Daljeet, Singh.,
Kapur, S.P., Kuldip, Singh., Singh, D. and Singh, K. 2000. Management of
citrus scab caused by Elsinoe
fawcettii.
Indian Phytopathology. 53: (4), 461-467.
De, R.K. and
Chaudhary, R.G. 1999. Biological and chemical seed treatment against lentil
wilt. Lens-Newsletter. 26: (1-2), 28-31.
De, R.K., Chaudhary,
R.G. and Naimuddin. 1996. Comparative efficacy of bio-control agents and
fungicides for controlling chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp.
ciceri.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 66: (6), 370-373.
Deore, P.B. and
Sawant, D.M. 2000. Management of guar powdery mildew by Trichoderma
spp.
culture filtrates. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. publ.
2001, 25: (3), 253-254.
Dinakaran, D.,
Ramakrishnan, G., Sridhar, R. and Jeyarajan, R. 1995. Management of sesamum
root rot with biocontrol agents. Journal of Oilseeds Research. 12: (2),
262-263.
Dutta, P. and Das,
B.C. 1999. Control of Rhizoctonia
solani
in soybean (Glycine max) by farmyard manure culture of Trichoderma
harzianum.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 69: (8), 596-598.
Ebenezar, E.G.,
Alice, D. and Sivaprakasam, K. 1996. Biological control of damping off
disease in mustard caused by Pythium
aphanidermatum.
Journal of Ecobiology. 8: (1), 55-57.
Gangadharaswamy,
M., Lokesh, S. and Rai, V.R. 1997. Impact of Phomopsis
vexans
on seed quality of Brinjal (Solanum
melongena
L.) and its management in vitro. International Journal of Tropical Plant
Diseases. 15: (1), 43-51.
Hazarika, D.K. and
Das, K.K. 1998. Biological management of root rot of french bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris
L.) caused by
Rhizoctonia solani.
Plant Disease Research. 13: (2), 101-105.
Hegde, G. and
Anahosur, K.H. 1998. Integrated management of foot rot of black pepper.
Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 11: (1), 78-82.
Jayaraj, J. and
Ramabadran, R. 1999. Effect of moisture levels on the survival of Trichoderma
harzianum
in soil. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 188-189.
Jayaraj, J. and
Ramabadran, R. 1999. Rhizobium
- Trichoderma
interaction in vitro and in vivo. Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 190-192.
Jisha, M.S. and
Alagawadi, A.R. 1996. Nutrient uptake and yield of sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor
L. Moench) inoculated with phosphate solubilizing bacteria and cellulolytic
fungus in a cotton stalk amended Vertisol .Microbiological Research. 151:
(2), 213-217.
Johnson, I. and
Palaniswami, A. 1999. Phytophthora
tuber rot of cassava - a new record in India. Journal of Mycology and Plant
Pathology. 29: (3), 323-332.
Jubina, P.A. and
Girija, V.K. 1998. Antagonistic rhizobacteria for management of Phytophthora
capsici,
the incitant of foot rot of black pepper. Journal of Mycology and Plant
Pathology. 28: (2), 147-153.
Kalaimani, T. 2000.
Biological control of red rot of sugar cane caused by (Colletotrichum
falcatum
Went).Indian Sugar. 50: (8), 489-492.
Kanth, A.K., Gowda,
M.V.C. and Lingaraju, S. 2000. Role of partial resistance in integrated
management of stem and pod rots in groundnut. Karnataka Journal of
Agricultural Sciences. 13: (3), 726-728.
Khan, M.R. and
Gupta, J. 1998. Antagonistic efficacy of Trichoderma
species
against Macrophomina
phaseolina
on eggplant. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 105:
(4), 387-393.
Krishnamurthy, J.,
Samiyappan, R., Vidhyasekaran, P., Nakkeeran, S., Rajeswari, E., Raja, J.A.J.
and Balasubramanian, P. 1999. Efficacy of Trichoderma
chitinases
against
Rhizoctonia
solani,
the rice sheath blight pathogen. Journal of Biosciences. 24: (2), 207-213.
Madhumita,
Choudhury., Sen, C. and Choudhury, M. 1999. Studies on the morphological
variations and cultural identity among a few indigenous isolates of Trichoderma
spp.
Journal of Interacademicia. 3: (3-4), 239-252.
Mahanty, B., Roy,
J.K., Dasgupta, B., Chitreshwar, Sen and Sen, C. 2000. Relative efficacy of
promising fungicides and biocontrol agent Trichoderma
in the management of foot rot of betelvine .Journal of Plantation Crops. 28:
(3), 179-184.
Mesta, R.K., Amaresh, Y.S. 2000. Biological control of Sclerotium
wilt of sunflower. Plant Disease Research. 15: (2), 202-203.
Mohanan, C., Nair,
K.S.S.,Sharma, J.K.(ed.). and Varma, R.V. 1996. Epidemiology and control of Rhizoctonia
web
blight of bamboos. Impact of diseases and insect pests in tropical forests.
Proceedings of the IUFRO Symposium, Peechi, India, 23-26 November 1993.
169-185.
Natarajan, S, T.
and Raj., Kalaimani akumar, M. 1997. Management of sugarcane red rot disease
in Tamil Nadu - results of some trials. Indian Sugar. 47: (6), 413-418.
Nayak, B.K. 1997.
Air and phylloplane mycoflora of Corchorus
olitorius
L. and C.
capsularis
L. Journal of Palynology. 33: (1-2), 227-240.
Parakhia, A.M.,
Akbari, L.F., Jugnu, Antharia., Vaishnav, M.U. and Antharia, J.
1998.Comparative evaluation of bio-agents and seed dressing fungicides
against Aspergillus
niger
causing collar rot of groundnut. Gujarat Agricultural University Research
Journal. 23: (2), 61-65.
Patel, S.T. and
Anahosur, K.H. 1998. Rhizosphere
microflora
of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum)
under irrigated conditions as influenced by various soil treatments.
Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 11: (2), 394-398.
Prasad, R.D. and
Rangeshwaran, R. 2000 Effect of soil application of a granular formulation
of Trichoderma
harzianum on
Rhizoctonia
solani
incited seed rot and damping-off of chickpea. Journal of Mycology and Plant
Pathology. 30: (2), 216-220.
Priya, Rani., Ashok,
Aggarwal., Mehrotra, R.S., Rani, P. and Aggarwal, A. 1999. Growth responses
in Acacia
nilotica
inoculated with VAM fungi (Glomus mosseae), Rhizobium
sp.
and Trichoderma
harzianum.
Indian Phytopathology. 52: (2), 151-153.
Raguchander, T.,
Rajappan, K. and Samiappan, R. 1997. Evaluating methods of application of
biocontrol agent in the control of mungbean root rot. Indian Phytopathology.
50: (2), 229-234.
Rao, S.K.T. and
Sitaramaiah, K. 2000.Management of collar rot disease (Aspergillus
niger)
in groundnut with Trichoderma
spp.
Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 30: (2), 221-224.
Revathi, G., Mala,
S.R., Vadivelu, M., Muthukumarasamy, R. and Solayappan, A.R. 1997. An in
vitro study for testing the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma
viride
against Colletotrichum
falcatum.
Cooperative Sugar. 28: (6), 447-449.
Sanjhev, Sharma.,
Dohroo, N.P. and Sharma, S. 1997.Management of ginger yellows through
organic amendment, fungicide seed treatment and biological methods. Indian
Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal. 21: (2), 29-30.
Sarode, S.V. and
Sonalkar, V.U. 2001.Comparative performance of biopesticides and
insecticides on pigeonpea crop. Shashpa. 8: (1), 85-87.
Sawant, I.S.,
Sawant, S.D. and Nanaya, K.A. 1995. Biological control of Phytophthora
root-rot of coorg mandarin (Citrus
reticulata)
by Trichoderma
species
grown on coffee waste. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: (11),
842-846.
Sharma, B.K. and
Basandrai, A.K. 2000.Effectiveness of some fungicides and biocontrol agents
for the management of Karnal bunt of wheat. Journal of Mycology and Plant
Pathology. 30: (1), 76-78.
Singh, R.S., Mann,
S.S., Anuradha, Jindal., Parminder, Kaur., Jindal, A. and Kaur, P.
1995.Variation in isolates of Trichoderma
harzianum
from Punjab soil. Plant Disease Research. 10: (1), 10-15.
Sinha, A., Singh,
S.K. and Qaisar, J. 1999. Seed mycoflora of French bean and its control by
means of fungicides. Tropenlandwirt. 100: (1), 59-67.
Sitansu, Pan., Ghosh, S.K.
and Pan, S. 1997. Antagonistic potential of some soil fungi on Phytophthora
colocasiae
Racib. Journal of Mycopathological Research. 35: (2), 153-157.
Thakur, V.S. and
Sharma, R.D. 1999. Effect of urea on microbial degradation of apple leaf
litter and its relationship to the inhibition of pseudothecial development
of Venturia
inaequalis.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 69: (2), 147-151.
Ushamalini, C.,
Rajappan, K., and Kousalya, Gangadharan. 1997. Control of cowpea wilt by
non-chemical means. Plant Disease Research. 12: (2), 122-129.
Wuike, R.V.,
Shingare, V.S. and Dawane, P.N. 1998. Biological control of wilt of sesame
caused by Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. sesami.
Journal of Soils and Crops. 8: (1), 103-104.
Yogendra,
Singh. and Singh, Y. 1998. Biological control of Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed
and mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Disease Research . 13:
(2), 144-146.
|